Eloquent area
Name for areas of cortex that—if removed—will result in loss of sensory processing or linguistic ability, minor paralysis, or paralysis.
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see pyramidal tract, optic radiation and arcuate fasciculus
The most common areas of eloquent cortex are in the left temporal lobe and frontal lobes for speech and language, bilateral occipital lobes for vision, bilateral parietal lobes for sensation, and bilateral motor cortex for movement.
To avoid permanent neurologic deficits and preserve brain function in and near the eloquent area, intraoperative electrical stimulation mapping (IESM) is necessary.
Classification
Eloquent locations in the Sawaya study are the motor/sensory cortices, visual center, speech center, internal capsule, basal ganglia, hypothalamus/thalamus, brainstem, and dentate nucleus
Grade I lesions are located in noneloquent brain
Grade II lesions in near-eloquent brain
Grade III lesions in eloquent brain1).
see Friedlein grading
see Sawaya grading
Identification
The integration of anatomical and functional studies allows a safe functional resection of the brain tumors located in eloquent areas. Multimodal navigation allows integration and correlation among preoperative and intraoperative anatomical and functional data. Cortical motor functional areas are anatomically and functionally located preoperatively thanks to MR and functional magnetic resonance imaging and subcortical motor pathways with DT imaging and tractography. Intraoperative confirmation is done with CS and N20 inversion wave for cortical structures and with sCS for subcortical pathways2).
Neuroimaging
Neuroimaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, or magnetoencephalography are especially useful non-invasive tools to locate eloquent cortex.
Imaging techniques such as functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging fiber tracking, and neurophysiological methods like navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation and magnetoencephalography, make it possible to identify eloquent areas prior to resective surgery and to tailor indication and surgical approach but also to assess the surgical risk. Intraoperative monitoring with direct cortical stimulation and subcortical stimulation enables surgeons to preserve essential functional tissue during surgery. Through tailored pre- and intraoperative mapping and monitoring the EOR can be maximized, with reduced rates of surgery-related deficits.
Electrocorticography
Much higher spatial and temporal resolution maps of cortical activity can be achieved with a technique called electrocorticography, however this requires placement of subdural electrodes on the surface of the brain and this must be done during surgery.
Since functional magnetic resonance imaging and intraoperative neurophysiological mapping are not available in all neurosurgical departments
Eloquent tumor location proved as significant risk factors for encountering a therapy associated complication. Not extensive surgery or tumor size but surgery at eloquent locations impacts complication occurrence the strongest with a 2 fold increased complication occurrence risk3).
Several studies claimed that surgery in eloquent areas is possible without causing severe cognitive decline. However, this conclusion was relatively ungrounded due to the lack of extensive neuropsychological testing in homogenous patient groups.
Eloquently Meaning
1)Eloquent Definition
Eloquence (from Frencheloquence from Latineloquentia) is fluent, forcible, elegant or persuasive speaking. It is primarily the power of expressing strong emotions in striking and appropriate language, thereby producing conviction or persuasion. The term is also used for writing in a fluent style.
The concept of eloquence dates to the ancient Greeks, Calliope (one of the nine daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne) being the Muse of epic poetry and eloquence. The Greek god Hermes was patron of eloquence.Cicero is considered as one of the most eloquent orators of Antiquity. Fr. Louis Bourdaloue is regarded as one of the founders of French eloquence.
Eloquence derives from the Latin roots: ē (a shortened form of the preposition ex), meaning 'out (of)', and loqui, a deponent verb meaning 'to speak'. Thus, being eloquent is having the ability to project words fluidly out of the mouth and the ability to understand and command the language in such a way that one employs a graceful style coupled with the power of persuasion, or just being extremely graceful in the interpretation of communication.
Petrarch (Fracesco Petrarca), in his study program of the classics and antiquity (Italian Renaissance) focused attention on language and communication. After mastering language, the goal was to reach a 'level of eloquence', to be able to present gracefully, combine thought and reason in a powerful way, so as to persuade others to a point of view. Petrarch encouraged students to imitate the ancient writers, from a language perspective, combining clear and correct speech with moral thought. The Renaissance humanists focused on the correlation of speech and political principles as a powerful tool to present and persuade others to particular concepts. At the core of presentations was the use of graceful style, clear concise grammar and usage, and over time the insertion of rational and emotional arguments.
In modern times, colloquial speech entered into presentation styles deemed eloquent.
Eloquence is both a natural talent and improved by knowledge of language, study of a specific subject to be addressed, philosophy, rationale and ability to form a persuasive set of tenets within a presentation.
'True eloquence,' Oliver Goldsmith says, 'Does not consist ... in saying great things in a sublime style, but in a simple style; for there is, properly speaking, no such thing as a sublime style, the sublimity lies only in the things; and when they are not so, the language may be turgid, affected, metaphorical, but not affecting.'[1]
Eloquent politicians[edit]
The Roman politician and soldier Marcus Antonius, c. 83–30 BCE, gave one of the most memorable speeches in history, dramatized by William Shakespeare in the play Julius Caesar; Shakespeare used Antonius's famous opening line 'Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears'.
Many famous political leaders, like Winston Churchill and Martin Luther King Jr., dictators such as Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, rose to prominence in large part due to their eloquence. In the Iranian Revolution, Ruhollah Khomeini came to power in part through the eloquence of his speeches, smuggled into the country on audio cassettes while he was still in exile.[2]
See also[edit]
- De vulgari eloquentia an essay by Dante Alighieri
- Public speaking for oratory and oration
References[edit]
- ^Goldsmith, Oliver (1759). Of Eloquence.
- ^Stephen Zunes (April 2009). 'The Iranian Revolution (1977-1979)'. ICNC.
Further reading[edit]
- Mark Forsyth (2013), The Elements of Eloquence: How to Turn the Perfect English Phrase.
Eloquent Laravel
External links[edit]
| Wikiquote has quotations related to: Eloquence |
- Modern parliamentary eloquence; the Rede lecture, delivered before the University of Cambridge, 6 November 1913 by George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston
Eloquent Antonym